Q4 2022 Trevena Inc Earnings Call
Speaker 1: Speaking in–
Speaker 2: Greetings and welcome to the Trevena fourth quarter and full year 2022 earnings call. At this time all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded.
Speaker 2: I would now like to turn the conference over to your host, Mr. Barry Shin, Chief Financial Officer for Trevina. Thank you. You may begin.
Speaker 3: Great, thanks.
Speaker 4: Good morning and welcome everyone. With me today are Carrie Bordeaux, our President and CEO , Patty Drake, our Chief Commercial Officer, and our Chief Medical Officer, Mark Demetrak.
Speaker 4: As a reminder, Olindig was approved by the FDA in August 2020 and contains Oliceraty, an opioid which is a Schedule II controlled substance with a high potential for abuse similar to other opioids. It's indicated in adults for the management of acute pain severe enough to require an IV opioid analgesic and to whom alternative treatments are inadequate.
Speaker 4: As with all opioids, serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur in patients treated with olymphic, as indicated in the box warning. Sedation is an established risk of opioids, including olymphic, and is reflected in the olymphic label. Nausea and vomiting were two of the most common adverse events reported in the control of clinical trials. As with all opioids, serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory dysfunction may occur
Speaker 4: The important safety information, including the box warning and full prescribing information, are all available on olyntic.com.
Speaker 4: We'll also be making forward-looking statements under federal securities law.
Speaker 4: These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties related to our business, including those covered in our filings with the SEC. We undertake no obligation to update these statements beyond today.
Speaker 4: turn the call over to Kerry for an overview of our fourth quarter and recent business accomplishments. Kerry?
Speaker 5: Thank you, Mary. Good morning, everyone, and thanks for joining. As you saw this morning, we announced exciting initial top-line data for Alinvig from Volition, the Cleveland Clinic-led real-world outcome study.
Speaker 5: We also analyzed electronic medical record data from Wake Forest, one of the volition study sites.
Speaker 5: This morning, Mark will review top line GI and cognitive outcomes and length of stay from these studies.
Speaker 5: We anticipate reporting the remaining data sets, including the respiratory outcome data mid-year when they're available.
Speaker 5: In our commercialization efforts, the hospital market remains challenging and the continued focus is on managing costs. Hospitals are facing margin pressures due to a whole host of factors and we see this playing out in delays from key stakeholders including pharmacy and therapeutics committees.
Speaker 5: We are continuing to highlight Alindvig at key pharmacy and physician meetings and appropriately positioning Alindvig for complex patients in both the hospital inpatient and ambulatory surgical settings.
Speaker 5: You'll hear from Patty that we're seeing a clear shift to more procedures and more complex patients being treated in ASCs. Our efficient field sales team is engaging with top decision makers in the ASC setting, and the recently secured CMS pass-through status for Olympic has strengthened the reimbursement picture.
Speaker 5: Overall, we continue to focus our attention and resources on the best potential near-term and long-term growth areas for Olympic.
Speaker 5: Turning to our pipeline, we're very excited about the progress we're making with TRV045, our novel S1P receptor modulator.
Speaker 5: As a reminder, we're interested in two areas.
Speaker 5: non-opioid treatment of acute and chronic neuropathic pain secondary to diabetic peripheral neuropathy and epilepsy.
Speaker 5: We're underway with two proof of concept studies, a target engagement study and a TMS study looking at brain electrical activity.
Speaker 5: We're expecting to complete enrollment for both studies by mid-year with top-line data in the third quarter.
Speaker 5: We'll use the results of these studies to help further inform the path forward for TRV045.
Speaker 5: In addition to the TRV045 data and Olympic commercialization, potential partnering discussions are ongoing. And our partner in China, Nua, expects a regulatory decision on Olympic in the first half of this year.
Speaker 5: We have $38.3 million in cash and multiple upcoming milestones.
Speaker 5: Let me now turn the call over to Patty and Mark to provide more details on Olympic and TRV045. Patty?
Speaker 2: Thanks Kerry and good morning everybody. Today I'll provide you with a quarterly update on Olympics performance relative to the market access and field execution parameters that we've discussed with you on previous calls.
Speaker 2: Let me start with an update on our contract with Vizient.
Speaker 2: A significant portion of our business continues to flow through Vizient.
Speaker 6: Their diverse membership and customer base includes academic medical centers, community hospitals and integrated health delivery networks.
Speaker 6: We believe there may be a long-term potential opportunity with Physian.
Speaker 6: But we remind you that it takes time for these types of large GPO contracts to ramp up.
Speaker 6: As Kerry mentioned, we've made progress in our recent initiative to contract directly with national ambulatory surgical centers or ASC chains.
Speaker 6: This is important as there's a steady shift in the number of surgeries that are happening in ASCs and our field team continues to meet with top ASC providers.
Speaker 6: We also signed three new specialty distributor agreements in the fourth quarter that are uniquely positioned to support the ambulatory surgical centers. There's several reasons for us to focus on the ASC setting at this time. There's a growing demand for multi-discipline facilities in the U.S.
Speaker 6: that are now allowing for longer than 24-hour stays in these facilities.
Speaker 6: Access to the surgeons and anesthesiologists is more readily available in this setting, and decision making regarding adding new therapies is far more streamlined.
Speaker 6: The surgeons can then leverage that experience into future formulary decisions within the hospital setting.
Speaker 6: Lastly, another potential tailwind for the ASC market is the CMS pass-through designation that Olympic received last fall.
Speaker 6: Given our focus on the ASC opportunity, our top-down contracting efforts, we took measures earlier this year to find an even more efficient deployment of our Salesforce team.
Speaker 6: focusing on pulling through the contracts we now have in place.
Speaker 6: With 184 formulary wins so far, we remain actively engaged in in-service programs training on the use of a LINVIC as well as Congress's and Speaker programs.
Speaker 6: While the base remains very small, the number of cartons per order is increasing, as is the reorder rate, which is indicative that once the healthcare provider experiences the difference with the limbic, they want to continue to use it.
Speaker 6: With that, let me turn the call over to Mark to discuss the initial volition and Artemis data and our other clinical programs in more depth.
Speaker 7: Thanks, Patty.
Speaker 8: I'd like to begin with a review of the initial top line results from the volition study.
Speaker 8: We're very pleased with these initial results.
Speaker 8: Volition was designed as a real-world outcome study and was led by the health outcomes team at Cleveland Clinic with Wake Forest Baptist Health as the other participating medical center.
Speaker 8: The study investigated clinical outcomes among Olympic-treated patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgical procedures in an inpatient setting.
Speaker 8: IV olympic was used as the first line analgesic during postoperative care, consistent with product labeling.
Speaker 8: 203 patients were enrolled in this study, very much a real world population, comprised of complex patients who had a moderate to severe burden of medical and surgical risk at the time of enrollment.
Speaker 8: I will review the main top-line findings from the study for the GI and the cognitive outcomes.
Speaker 8: both of which were exploratory aims in the study.
Speaker 8: The respiratory data is not yet available and we expect to report these outcomes in the coming months.
Speaker 8: Our pre-specified GI endpoint was the presence of a complete GI response.
Speaker 8: which was met in any patient who did not vomit and did not require the use of rescue antiemetics throughout the postoperative period.
Speaker 8: In volition, 52.2% of Olympic-treated patients showed a complete GI response.
Speaker 8: For reference, these outcomes are consistent with the GI tolerability data seen in our pivotal phase three pooled patient data and represented in our label. Requiring our pre-specified cognitive endpoints —
Speaker 8: 3.9% of volition patients, or 8 of the 203 enrolled patients, exhibited symptoms suggesting the presence of delirium, measured using the validated 3D cam bedside screening tool. We chose to focus on delirium since it is among the most clinically and economically important events.
Speaker 8: that may complicate and extend postoperative care.
Speaker 8: The incidence of delirium reported in the scientific literature can vary widely based on the population and treatment settings studied.
Speaker 8: In a recent meta-analysis of 33 studies in medical inpatients,
Speaker 8: The overall incidence of delirium was reported as 23%.
Speaker 8: Among high-risk patients undergoing major surgery, rates of delirium have been reported to exceed 20%.
Speaker 8: IV opioids are recognized as a contributing factor for delirium risk in the hospital setting.
Speaker 8: An additional exploratory measure of the patient's level of agitation or sedation in this study was obtained with the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale.
Speaker 8: And we found that over 90% of olymphic treated patients were rated as alert and calm at every observation point beginning on the first postoperative morning.
Speaker 8: We view these exploratory data as consistent with the incidence of delirium observed on the 3D CAM scores.
Speaker 8: In order to study these outcomes in more detail,
Speaker 8: We extracted the electronic medical record, or EMR data, from surgical patients treated at the study hospitals around the same period of time that the volition study was conducted.
Speaker 8: We refer to this EMR dataset as the Artemis study.
Speaker 8: We believe these EMR data bring a unique perspective to an understanding of how drugs perform in the real world.
Speaker 8: The importance of real-world data sources like these EMR datasets have been discussed by FDA in a variety of contexts.
Speaker 8: and are among the provisions considered in the 21st Century Cures Act to help inform and accelerate the development of new drugs.
Speaker 8: At this time, we've analyzed the EMR dataset extracted from the Wake Forest Study site, the largest enrolling site in the volition study, which was comprised of 96 Olympic-treated patients.
Speaker 8: Using a validated propensity score based matching algorithm,
Speaker 8: We identified a matched group of 457 comparable surgical patients.
Speaker 8: who were treated with an IV opioid other than a limbic for their postoperative acute pain, the control patient population. I'd like to summarize some key findings on the healthcare utilization of these two groups.
Speaker 8: While there was no significant difference in PACU times, both groups were about two and a half hours.
Speaker 8: Olympic-treated patients in the Artemis study had a statistically significant 1.6 days, or 27% reduction in average hospital length of stay.
Speaker 8: versus the matched cohort of surgical patients treated with other IV opioids, including IV morphine, hydromorphone, or fentanyl.
Speaker 8: Looking more closely in the two populations.
Speaker 8: There were comparable proportions of patients who experienced an episode of postoperative vomiting. 24 Olympic-treated patients, 99 patients in the control group.
Speaker 8: However, in these subgroups, the reduction in hospital length of stay remained apparent, with Olympic-treated patients continuing to show a statistically significant 2.1 days or 29 percent reduction in average length of hospital stay. While the reason for this difference in length of stay is not yet clear.
Speaker 8: We believe it may be related to the average duration and variability in the duration of vomiting, which were both numerically lower in the Olympic-treated group.
Speaker 8: The difference in duration was not statistically different, but there was a statistically significant, narrower range of variability in the duration of vomiting among the Olympic-treated patients.
Speaker 8: In other words, these data suggest that though there were no significant differences between the groups in whether vomiting occurred, the clinical severity may be lower among patients treated with Alindvig. So, yeah, again, curiosity, whether it is, what are the determining alleviate-itol
Speaker 8: With respect to cognitive outcomes and delirium, we use the recognized set of ICD codes recorded in the EMR to assess the presence of delirium or altered consciousness between the groups.
Speaker 8: In this pre-specified endpoint, patients treated with other IV opioids experienced more ICD-coated events of delirium and altered consciousness
Speaker 8: then patients treated with IV olymphic or 4.4% compared to 1.04%
Speaker 8: Though this difference was not statistically significant.
Speaker 8: When delirium occurs, it is a clinically and economically consequential event.
Speaker 8: Pooling the overall study population, the presence of an ICD code of delirium or altered consciousness in any patient.
Speaker 8: Increase the hospital length of stay by an average of 10 and a half days.
Speaker 8: To summarize, EMR analysis showed that Olympic-treated patients stayed an average of 1.6 fewer days in the hospital compared to patients treated with other IV opioids. Over half of Olympic-treated patients in volition exhibited a complete GI response.
Speaker 8: Over 90 percent were rated as alert and calm at every observation point. And under 4 percent of Olympic-treated patients showed symptoms suggesting delirium.
Speaker 8: I'll also note that additional analyses of the respiratory data and the EMR data may not be consistent with the initial data I'm describing today. Nevertheless, we're encouraged by these results and look forward to reporting more data as soon as they're available. you
Speaker 8: Let me turn my attention now to TRV045.
Speaker 8: This has been another quarter of significant progress with 045, our novel S1P receptor modulator.
Speaker 8: I'm excited to share the continued clinical progress we've made over the past few months.
Speaker 8: In January , we announced that we enrolled the first subject in our first TRV045 proof of concept trial, evaluating S1P receptor mechanism of action and target engagement.
Speaker 8: The goal of this study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover study
Speaker 8: is to build on non-clinical evidence of anti-inflammatory signaling and the potential disease modifying effect of 045 in the treatment of epilepsy and other CNS disorders.
Speaker 8: The study is expected to complete enrollment by mid-2023.
Speaker 8: We're on track to that target, and we're approximately halfway through the study enrollment. Based on this progress, we expect to report top-line data in the third quarter of this year.
Speaker 8: I'm also pleased to announce the initiation of a second proof of concept study for TRV 045 which began enrolling subjects this month.
Speaker 8: This second study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover, multiple-dose study designed to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of 045 on cortical excitability in healthy male adults.
Speaker 8: The study will use transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and electroencephalography.
Speaker 8: to measure the potential effect of 045 on brain function.
Speaker 8: relevant to epilepsy and other CNS disorders. We also expect to have this study fully enrolled by mid-year with top-line data expected in the third quarter. Both of these proof of concept studies are not being conducted under the IND for 045 and all subjects will be enrolled at a study site outside the US.
Speaker 8: Our clinical development team is pleased with the progress we've made with 045, and I look forward to updating you on these two studies in the coming months. I'll now turn the call over to Barry to review our fourth quarter financials. Barry? Thanks, Mark.
Speaker 4: In the fourth quarter, our net loss was $7 million, or 73 cents per share, compared to $14 million, or $2.12 per share, for the same period last year.
Speaker 4: As Patty mentioned, we continue to see usage from ASCs and hospitals, which our distributors are fulfilling from existing inventories.
Speaker 4: We are focused on tightly managing our expenses and cost effectively advancing our pipeline.
Speaker 4: We finished the quarter with $38.3 million in cash and marketable securities, which we believe will fund our operations into the fourth quarter of 2023, past expected final volition data for Olympic, and readouts for our two proof of concept studies for TRV045.
Speaker 4: In addition, we may also receive up to $18 million of non-dilutive funding if certain milestones are met.
Speaker 4: That's $3 million from our partner Ngua on Chinese approval of Olympic.
Speaker 4: and $15 million from Arbridge on first commercial sale of Alindik in China. And noir has informed us they expect regulatory decision on Alindik in the first half of this year.
Speaker 4: I'd note that's $18 million of expected non-dilutive funding with less than 9 million shares currently outstanding.
Speaker 4: and this would meaningfully extend our runway. In this environment, we also continue to investigate partnering and other opportunities, which may provide additional resources and build shareholder value.
Speaker 4: We'll now open the call for questions, after which Carrie will provide some closing remarks.
Speaker 4: We'll now open the call for questions, after which Carrie will provide some closing remarks. Operator? Notesiaighapp abort
Speaker 2: Thank you. If you'd like to ask a question, please press star 1 on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star 2 if you'd like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star key.
Speaker 2: Our first question comes from the line of Jason Butler with J&P Security.
Speaker 2: Our first question comes from the line of Jason Butler with J&P Securities. Please proceed with your question.
Speaker 8: Hi, thanks for taking the questions and congrats on the progress. I had a couple on 045 and then one on the limbic. Just for the magnetic stimulation trial, are there precedents or controls that you can point to here that could give a benchmark of a magnitude of change that would be predictive of clinical
Speaker 9: And then, I know that you may want to hold off on this until you have the data, but just any thoughts about the broader strategy in epilepsy, whether you're focused on broader focal onset seizure, for example, populations versus rarer genetic populations.
Speaker 9: I know that you may want to hold off on this until you have the data, but just any thoughts about the broader strategy in epilepsy, whether you're focused on broader focal onset seizure, for example, populations versus rarer genetic populations? Thanks.
Speaker 8: Let me have Mark go ahead and answer the first question around the TMS. Yes, thank you, Jason. With regard to the TMS paradigm, it actually is a very well-validated paradigm used in drug development. So both from the point of view of its validation and its use in drug development, it's very much a
Speaker 8: as well as its experimental use with a variety of anti-epileptics that are either in development or already on the market. We have a good sense of the endpoints and the size that we would expect to see that would be relevant from a clinical perspective. It's really that body of work.
Speaker 8: that allows us to, once we get our results, be able to place them in context with what we would expect to see in future clinical studies. So we're very pleased with the model. I think it can be quite useful. And then with regard to the broader strategy, I mean, as you said, we're
Speaker 5: not quite ready to declare yet. We also will be getting some additional nonclinical data that will help us make additional decisions right around rare versus focal. So, more to come on that, but we're also very pleased with the progress we're making with 045.
Speaker 9: Great, and then just on the Artemis results for Olympic, nice to see the 1.6 state reduction in hospital state versus other IV opioids. Was there a specific driver there? So was it more driven by GI or delirium or other cognitive effects or was it a mixture of all of them?
Speaker 10: Thanks.
Speaker 8: It's a great question, Jason, and that's why we drilled into the character of the vomiting signal, and it's why I emphasized in the remarks the impact of delirium overall. I think the answer to your question is that while I can't...
Speaker 8: draw a direct line for you between a specific event and its specific impact on the duration of hospital stay. I think what we can speculate is that these are certainly contributors to the overall trajectory.
Speaker 8: in the hospital. But obviously it's a very complicated set of factors. Obviously there's multiple things going on during a hospital stay. I would emphasize, though, I sort of said this in my words, but just to...
Speaker 8: to point out the thing that's so remarkable about the finding is it's a pretty good large representative data set from a homogeneous single site sample, well matched and highly statistically significant. That 1.6 day extension length of stay, I didn't mention the P value, but it's got three zeros and a one.
Speaker 5: particular, the 1.6 days. That's a meaningful difference.
Speaker 9: Thanks, Carrie, and congrats on the results.
Speaker 9: and congrats on the results. Thank you. Thank you, Jason.
Speaker 2: Thank you. As a reminder, it's star 1 to ask a question.
Speaker 2: Our next question comes from the line of Brandon Folks with Canada Fitzgerald. Please proceed with your question.
Speaker 11: Hi, thanks for taking my questions and congratulations on the progress. Maybe just one from me.
Speaker 11: Can we just take a step back on a little bit and think about this? It's obviously, you know, you continue to generate pretty good data on the product. It's obviously tough to get.
Speaker 11: It's a tough space to be selling a product. What do you think sort of is?
Speaker 11: the hurdle as we move forward here to maybe sort of getting people to switch across to Alenvic, is it just continued generation of data? Why is sort of...
Speaker 11: the data that lies ahead or we have in hand potentially sort of more impactful than the data we've had in the past? Just any feedback from the field that you think sort of could actually drive revenue pull through as we go forward? Thank you. Yeah, Bryn, it's a great question. I'll start and then I'll have Patty dive in as well. So...
Speaker 5: The couple things, as you said, we put some data out, right? The head-to-head data that we had previously. I will say those data sets.
Speaker 5: While they've been generally supportive and they've been part of the discussions we're having with formulary committees, they've been smaller data sets and healthy volunteers. This new data set is really what we've been hearing from our customers that they've been looking for. Real-world data, inpatients.
Speaker 5: robust from large academic medical centers. The added benefit then of having the electronic medical record.
Speaker 5: you know, process data around length of stay also helps that discussion. So we're directly answering the question that we've had, frankly, since launch. Where's the real world data? Can you show us how this might impact or benefit the cost system?
Speaker 5: I will also say though that the inpatient setting is struggling, right? Margins are tight. We're still seeing hospital formulary delays and
Speaker 5: With the focus on cost, they're very comfortable using IV morphine, IV hydromorphone. So it's going to take something like this data set to really I think break down some of those barriers. And you hear what Patty's describing is we're still trying to drive experience and the fastest way for us to do that is in the ambulatory surgery centers because hospitals are still experiencing these delays. So.
Speaker 5: We're not where we'd like to be. We're doing everything we can to sort of get things moving.
Speaker 5: It's not necessarily additional data beyond this big data set because as Mark said, we're still going to be collecting data from this data set because we are also managing our expenses and looking to 2045 in the pipeline. But Patty, I don't know what else you see in the field. You said it very well. Let's go to the inpatient.
Speaker 6: setting is extremely difficult because of residual effects of the pandemic. ASCs represent an opportunity for us because of the reasons I listed with the more complex surgeries happening. It's a growing area of health care in general. We have access to those people and they can get experience that they can parlay then into.
Speaker 6: hospital setting. What I'm most excited about in terms of the data that Mark has been able to generate with the team is exactly what you were talking about. Length of stay is an area that's of critical importance to the inpatient setting and having such definitive data coming out is important. Now it's going to take some time because we have to let medical do what they do first and that is.
Speaker 6: that this data needs to get into our dossier. We're going to be presenting it at Congresses, publish, etc. It takes time before it comes into the commercial hands for active promotion, but we're certainly looking forward to having that happen, and we'll certainly pursue that aggressively.
Speaker 11: Thanks very much, and a follow up on that, if I may. Do you expect the hospitals or AC systems to want to run their own experience trials, right, on the back of this data as well, or do you expect this data to sort of be sufficient out there, given its real world data, to actually start the trial, or do you expect the data to be sufficient out there, given its real world data,
Speaker 8: drive to use. Yeah, I'm pointing to Mark because he's had a, this data as you can imagine is fresh off the press, but you've had some conversations. We've had conversations with providers from time to time about an interest in
Speaker 8: in observing a cohort of patients in their hands as they use Olympic. We have not had any formal data output from those conversations at this point. I do think that the data we have is different than what we've had.
Speaker 8: in our phase three studies that we've presented and talked with providers about, in that this is actual real world experience and use of the product. The idea of extracting the information directly from an institution's medical record and analyzing it that way is a fundamentally different type of information. I think providers...
Speaker 8: recognize that. So while certainly personal experience is pretty compelling for any clinician, the ability to look at data like this is, I think, an important incremental step in the type of data and the quality of the data that we're providing to providers. I mean, I also think because it's Cleveland Clinic at Wake Forest, two really well-recognized institutions, that carries a lot of weight, right?
Speaker 5: It's hard for me to say that another large academic medical center wouldn't want to try to do a repeat, but at least with some of the major institutions we're calling on, the community, community teaching, I think this data is going to carry the wave.
Speaker 11: Great. Thanks very much for taking my questions and congrats on the progress. Thank you, Brandon. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Douglas So with HC Wainwright. Please proceed with your question. Hi. Good morning. Thanks for taking the question. Just curious, as you move into the ASC, I know there's been some sort of thought that it was perhaps a slightly less attractive market just given the volume of drug use. So.
Speaker 11: I'm just curious, you know, how far can the ASC get you with pass-through status as well as the addition of complex studies? I mean, can this sort of be a platform that can, you know, get you sort of approaching break-even with Olympic? Thank you. Yeah, it's a great question, Doug. Let me start, and if Patty has additional comments.
Speaker 5: So, as you said, the inpatient is still really where the bulk of the opportunity is for a limbic. But in the ASCs, two things are happening. One, the more those complex patients that's really sort of a limbic sweet spot, they're starting to move more and more out there. And ASCs are now, it's not just the volume over a 24-hour period, but the time in which patients are staying in the ASC is growing. So that does make the opportunity.
Speaker 5: seeing a lot more opportunity on Olympic in the ASCs than I did at launch just because of the shifting dynamics and the shifting in patients. Patty, I mean, you're out on and you've been visiting a lot of these top ASCs. Yeah, well, I've had, you know, customers directly saying that while they would love to have this on their hospital formulary, that is a very important thing.
Speaker 6: trend is going. In both more complex surgeries, the length of stay is elongating so they get even more experience and then they are very interested in parlaying that into their hospital setting.
Speaker 11: And then just in terms of the length of stay data that you saw, it sounds like
Speaker 11: You have some signs that the GI was the primary driver. Do you have a sense of whether cognition contributed to the reduction of LNG as well? Thank you.
Speaker 8: Yeah, Doug, let me address that. I want to be clear. The exploration of what accounts for the improvement in length of stay, I believe that the GI tolerability is the circumstantial data that I presented would suggest that it's playing a role. I wouldn't necessarily...
Speaker 8: call it the primary driver because if you look at the impact of delirium, while as I pointed out the incidence of delirium as declared by the provider in their ICD codes in the record, it's low. On the other hand...
Speaker 8: when it occurs, it's an enormous event. Ten and a half day extension of length of stay on average in patients who experience an episode of delirium. You know, you don't need many of those to contribute significantly to a prolonged length of stay. So trying to get
Speaker 8: As I was mentioning in the answer to Jason, trying to sort of be very specific about the proportion contribution from these different issues to length of stay is kind of, is very hard to do. But I think the, circumstantially, the data would argue that...
Speaker 8: these two features are certainly playing a role, amongst other factors. And again, we're going to keep looking at this data more closely to help give a little bit more color to what's behind this. And Doug, let me just say that from my perspective, certainly I was very excited about the entire data set, but the cognition, the delirium data, that I learned from different ice Yakima database.
Speaker 5: is extremely interesting to me, right? It's not an area that we had studied previously in our phase three studies. We had done the head-to-head study in Healthy Volunteers earlier, I guess last year when we announced the results. So this now,
Speaker 5: data set in patients in a real world setting was very impressive to me. So more to come I think on this area for us.
Speaker 11: And one quick follow-up, in terms of delirium, does that non-set after a single dose of morphine, or is it something that is a result of sort of the repeated use, and if you stop using the morphine, does the delirium secede fairly quickly? Thank you. Thank you.
Speaker 8: Again, a good question. And as you know, delirium is kind of a final common pathway brain dysfunction event. So in a hospital setting, there are typically multiple factors that are likely at play.
Speaker 8: the use of an IV opioid being an important but only one of multiple factors. So it really is very specific to a patient as to whether or not altering the drug regimen is going to be the key that will abort the delirium in a particular patient. So that's...
Speaker 8: It's a little bit more complicated because of the multiple factors that are involved. But again, IV opioids are recognized to play an important contributing role amongst other factors in the risk of delirium in a hospitalized patient.
Speaker 11: Okay, great. Thank you so much.
Speaker 11: Okay, great. Thank you so much. Thank you, Doug.
Speaker 5: Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes our question and answer session. I'll turn the floor back to Ms. Bordeaux for any final comments. Great. Thank you. And again, thank you for your questions. As you hear, it was a busy quarter for us. And we're excited that we're starting to see initial Olympic results from the volition study.
Speaker 5: We're continuing to make great progress on TRV045, our novel S1P receptor modulator. We have multiple upcoming milestones, including the regulatory update from NOAA in the first half of this year that they're expecting. So we'll continue to update you as we learn more. Thank you again for tuning in this morning.
Speaker 12: Thank you. This concludes today's conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.