Q4 2025 Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc Earnings Call

Speaker #1: After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. If you would like to ask a question during this time, simply press the star followed by the number 1 on your telephone keypad.

Speaker #1: If you would like to withdraw your question, please press the star 1 again. Thank you. I would now like to turn the conference over to Melanie Herman, who may begin.

Speaker #2: Good morning, everyone, and welcome to LIGAND's fourth quarter and full year 2025 earnings call. With me on the call today are CEO Todd Davis, Chief Financial Officer Tavo Espinoza, and Vice President of Portfolio Strategy and Investments Lauren Hay.

Speaker #2: During the call today, we will review the financial results released earlier today, and provide commentary on our partnered portfolio and business development activity, followed by a question-and-answer session.

Speaker #2: Before we get started, I would like to point out that we will be discussing non-GAAP results, which exclude certain items such as stock-based compensation, amortization of intangible assets, amortization or impairment of financial assets, gains or losses from derivative assets, and gain on the sale of the Telcos business, amongst others.

Speaker #2: I encourage you to review the reconciliation of these non-GAAP measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measures which can be found in today's release available on our website.

Speaker #2: We believe these adjusted measures provide valuable insight into our core operating performance, both historically and moving forward. Our release today and a link to today's webcast can be found in the investor relations section of our website at LIGAND.com.

Speaker #2: This call is being recorded, and the audio portion will be archived in the investor section of our website. On today's call, we will make forward-looking statements regarding our financial results and other matters related to the company's business.

Speaker #2: Please refer to the Safe Harbor Statement related to these forward-looking statements which are subject to risks and uncertainties. We remind you that actual events or results may differ materially from those projected or discussed, and that all forward-looking statements are based upon current available information.

Speaker #2: LIGAND assumes no obligation to update these statements. To better understand the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ, we refer you to the documents that LIGAND files with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, that can be found on LIGAND's website at LIGAND.com, or on the SEC's website at SEC.gov.

Speaker #2: And with that, I will now turn the call over to Todd.

Speaker #3: Thank you, Melanie, and good morning, everyone. We appreciate you joining us today. 2025 was a defining year for LIGAND. We delivered exceptional financial performance, with full-year adjusted EPS exceeding our original 2025 guidance by more than 30%.

Speaker #3: That growth reflects the strategic changes we began implementing in 2023 to lean operating structure, the talented team, the focused investment strategy, and the strength and depth of our royalty portfolio which continues to outperform expectations.

Speaker #3: Full-year royalty revenue grew 48% over the prior year, and full-year adjusted EPS increased 42%, reflecting strong performance across the portfolio. Key drivers contributed to the 48% growth include the continued ramp of Phil Sparry, successful launches of Merck's O2vare and Capvaxi, and the commercial launch of Zilsuvni, and continued growth of record RVs, Carziva.

Speaker #3: With substantial cash and investments on hand, we are well-positioned to pursue disciplined investments that create new, clinically differentiated product royalty streams and enhance long-term shareholder value.

Speaker #3: I'd like to take a moment to congratulate our partner, Palvella Therapeutics, on their announcement this week of positive top-line data for their Phase 3 Silva trial of Qtorin rapamycin for the treatment of microcystic lymphatic malformations also known as MLM.

Speaker #3: Based on the strong trial results, we believe Qtorin rapamycin is likely to become the first FDA-approved therapy for more than 30,000 diagnosed patients with MLM, a serious rare and debilitating disease we are proud to partner with Palvella and commend them on their hard work and dedication to develop transformative, high clinical impact treatments for patients living with this rare disease for which there are currently no approved therapies.

Speaker #3: Separately, in 2025, our deal team executed on a special situations transaction through the Strategic Merger and Financing of Telcos and Channel Therapeutics. Our special situations efforts can require significant effort, but we are rewarded with our efforts, with superior risk-adjusted investment returns.

Speaker #3: Our team was patient and thoughtful, creating a subsidiary building out a top-notch management team and spinning Telcos out into a publicly traded entity and creating significant equity and royalty value for LIGAND investors.

Speaker #3: Importantly, we were also able to rescue and shepherd Zilsuvni from bankruptcy, through to FDA approval, and into the hands of a capable team at Telcos Therapeutics that will now serve millions of patients that are impacted by MOSCOM contagiosum.

Speaker #3: As we look ahead to 2026, we are accelerating our business development efforts, our team is expanding, our pipeline is deeper, our capital base is stronger than ever, and our efforts to fuel our growth initiatives.

Speaker #3: Additionally, in 2025, we launched a systematic portfolio management strategy to drive value in our development stage partnerships. We're now focused on more proactively communicating with our partners and doing what we do best: identifying new opportunities to provide additional investments, or expand the partnerships in other ways.

Speaker #3: I also want to address how we view royalty financing in the current biopharmaceutical funding environment. Importantly, we are seeing growth in the demand for royalty capital as evidenced by the doubling of the royalty funding market over the last five years.

Speaker #3: Even with improvement in the equity markets, royalty financing has become a strategic capital structure tool companies are choosing regardless of the broader market conditions.

Speaker #3: Our partners value royalties because they are non-dilutive, complementary to equity capital, and aligned with our partners' long-term development cycles. Additionally, only a small portion of the overall royalty financing market is tied to development stage assets.

Speaker #3: LIGAND is uniquely positioned in this way within the rapidly expanding biopharmaceutical royalty financing sector, where demand for capital is high. Since 2022, we've been on a strong upward growth trajectory, earnings at more than tripled as our royalty portfolio has scaled and we have aggressively managed our operating margins.

Speaker #3: Core revenue has also grown meaningfully from $108 million in 2022 to $240 million this year, and we are now expecting $265 million in 2026.

Speaker #3: That's based upon the midpoint range of our guidance. And more than $430 million is expected by 2030. Adjusted EPS reflects the same momentum, moving from $2.44 a share in 2022 to more than $8 per share this year, with visibility to over $13.50 per share by 2030.

Speaker #3: Looking ahead to 2030, I would like to highlight our five-year royalty receipts outlook, which we shared in our investor day in December of 2025.

Speaker #3: We now expect a 23% compound annual growth rate in royalty receipts from 2025 through 2030. This growth is driven by contributions across the entire portfolio.

Speaker #3: The commercial programs form the core of the growth profile and contribute to an expected 15% annual growth. These products are already marketed, supported by strong partners and, in some cases, have the opportunity for additional label or geographic expansion.

Speaker #3: Additionally, the farm team which represents significantly risk-adjusted development stage programs currently in LIGAND's portfolio is expected to contribute an additional 5%, and future investments should add at least another 3%.

Speaker #3: We believe the strength of our recent results, the continued momentum of our royalty portfolio, and our investment team's disciplined capital deployment approach positions us to deliver sustained, long-term growth for years to come.

Speaker #3: And with that, I'd like to turn it over to Tavo for the financial update.

Speaker #4: Thanks, Todd. And good morning, everyone. I'll start with a brief overview of our full year 2025 financial performance, followed by the fourth-quarter highlights, and then discuss our 2026 outlook.

Speaker #4: 2025 was a breakout year financially for LIGAND, driven by strong execution across our royalty portfolio and disciplined capital deployment. For the full year, total gap revenue was $268 million, up from $167 million in 2024.

Speaker #4: This includes a gain related to the sale of the Telcos business. Excluding that gain, core revenue was $240 million, reflecting 43% year-over-year growth. Royalty revenue grew to $161 million, an increase of 48% year-over-year.

Speaker #4: Driven primarily by Philsparri, Otover, Kat Baxter, and Carzeba. From an earnings perspective, core adjusted diluted earnings per share increased to $8.13. Up 42% year-over-year, reflecting strong operating leverage in the model and higher royalty contribution.

Speaker #4: Importantly, while 2025 benefited from the $25 million Zilsuvni out license fee, the underlying royalty portfolio delivered substantial organic growth independent of that one-time item.

Speaker #4: Turning to the fourth quarter, total revenue in Q4 was $59.7 million, representing a 39% increase compared to the same period last year. Royalty revenue was $50.5 million, up 45% year-over-year, and again, represented the primary driver of growth.

Speaker #4: Key royalty contributors during the quarter included continued strength in Philsparri, with US net sales of $103 million; this represents $108% growth year-over-year and $322 million of net sales for the full fiscal year.

Speaker #4: As a reminder, we also received a royalty on net sales of Trevor's partner in Europe, CSL V4, in total we recorded royalties of $32 million on approximately $355 million in global Philsparri sales in 2025.

Speaker #4: Including those reported by CSL V4. Merck's Otover, which reported net sales of $178 million in the partial fourth quarter, on a full quarter basis accounting for the fact that Verona owned the asset for the first seven days of the quarter, sales were just under $200 million.

Speaker #4: US net sales of Otover for the full year 2025 were $506 million. Merck's Kat Baxter, which reported net sales of $279 million in the fourth quarter, and $755 million for the full year, is rapidly approaching blockbuster status.

Speaker #4: And Recordati's Carzeba, reported net sales of $159 million for the full year 2025, representing 12% growth. Adjusted net income for the quarter million, or $2.02 per diluted share.

Speaker #4: Compared with $1.27 in the prior year period. The increase was driven almost entirely by higher royalty revenue reflecting the scalability of our model. On the expense side, R&D expense declined to $3.5 million in the quarter compared to $4.4 million last year, and G&A expense was $25 million relatively flat year-over-year as we maintained disciplined cost management while supporting portfolio growth.

Speaker #4: Overall, the fourth-quarter capped the year of accelerating earnings and expanding margins. For the full year, R&D expense was $81.2 million, compared to $21.4 million in the prior year.

Speaker #4: 2025 full-year R&D cost includes $62 million related to the accounting treatment of Castle Creek and Orchestra investments. Full-year G&A costs for 2025 were $92.4 million, compared to $78.7 million driven by stock-based compensation costs, Pelto's transaction costs, and other headcount-related costs primarily to scale the BD function.

Speaker #4: We also ended the year with a very strong balance sheet including $734 million in cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. When combined with our equity holdings in Pelto's Therapeutics, and available capacity under our credit facility, we ended 2025 with over $1 billion in deployable capital.

Speaker #4: Turning now to 2026, we are reaffirming the financial guidance we introduced at our investor day in December. For the full year, we expect adjusted EPS of approximately $8 to $9 per share, royalty revenue of $200 to $225 million, representing 32% growth at the midpoint, CapitaSol revenue of $35 to $40 million, and contract revenue of $10 to $20 million.

Speaker #4: In total, we expect revenue of $245 to $285 million for 2026. As a reminder, the year-over-year adjusted EPS growth appears modest at the midpoint due to the one-time Zilsuvni out license income recognized in 2025.

Speaker #4: Excluding that item, the underlying earnings power of the business continues to grow meaningfully. Royalty growth in 2026 is expected to be driven primarily by Philsparri, Otover, Kat Baxter, and Zilsuvni.

Speaker #4: All of which remain in relatively early stages of their commercial lifecycle. With that, I'd now like to turn the call over to Lauren for a portfolio update.

Speaker #5: Thanks, Tavo, and good morning, everyone. I'd like to provide more detail on our new portfolio management strategy that Todd touched on earlier. We recently launched a more sophisticated and systematic portfolio management process designed to actively drive value across our partnerships.

Speaker #5: This approach allows us to track progress and catalyst in a more disciplined manner, to increase the frequency and depth of our partner dialogue, and to proactively identify new investment opportunities.

Speaker #5: This positions us to take initiative to ensure our partners have what they need to be successful. Whether that means adding investment behind programs in which we have high conviction, broadening the scope of existing collaborations, or identifying novel ways to expand the partnership.

Speaker #5: In short, it's all about being more proactive, more data-driven, and more investment-focused across the portfolio. Moving to the next slide, I'd like to provide an update on one positive development from our recent portfolio management efforts.

Speaker #5: Lisa Foxefine is a program that has been in our portfolio for quite some time. The product was originally discovered in 1991 through a research collaboration between Ligand and Pfizer and is currently midway through its phase three trial for the treatment of ER-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer in patients with ESR1 mutation.

Speaker #5: Lisa Foxefine has a compelling value proposition. In phase two studies, Lisa Foxefine demonstrated a 13-month median PFS in combination with abemaciclib, significantly stronger than the three to six-month median of currently approved monotherapies.

Speaker #5: Lisa Foxefine also has a unique mechanism of action as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, or SERM, presenting potential advantages in tolerability as well as bone and neurogenital health.

Speaker #5: Additionally, the product has a large safety database of approximately 10,000 patients from prior Pfizer studies. Lisa Foxefine was being developed by Sirmonics Pharmaceuticals, who ran into financial challenges midway through the pivotal study.

Speaker #5: Late last year, we worked collaboratively with Sirmonics Equity Investors to successfully assign the license to Leona Bio, previously Athera Pharma. In conjunction with the license, Leona completed a $90 million pipe with very strong investor demand, led by Perceptive, Commodore, and TCGX, with additional potential financing of $146 million to support the program.

Speaker #5: Ligand participated in the pipe to signal our support and partnership with Leona, and we are encouraged to see this important late-stage program backed by a strong investor base under the leadership of the talented team at Leona.

Speaker #5: Top-line data for Lisa Foxefine is expected to read out in mid-2027 in the ongoing pivotal Elaine 3 trial, which is currently more than 50% enrolled.

Speaker #5: Additionally, Henleys has exclusive rights to Lisa Foxefine in Asia and certain countries in the Middle East, and is currently in phase three development in China.

Speaker #5: Ligand earns a Tier 6 to 10 percent royalty on worldwide net sales of Lisa Foxefine, and with management peak sales estimates of approximately $1 billion, this could potentially result in annual royalties to Ligand of $80 million.

Speaker #5: Moving to the next slide, I'd like to provide some important updates on other key assets in Ligand's portfolio. I will go into more detail on Palvello's Qtorin rapamycin, Trivier's Philsparri, and Merck's Otovir on the following slides, but first, I'd like to briefly touch on two of our pipeline assets.

Speaker #5: This includes Sanofi's TZield and Agenesis BotVal. In October 2025, TZield was accepted for expedited review for stage three type 1 diabetes, or T1d, through the Commissioner's National Priority Review Voucher pilot program based on its potential to address a large unmet medical need.

Speaker #5: TZield is currently approved in the US for patients with pre-symptomatic stage two disease to delay the onset of stage three in patients who are eight years of age and older.

Speaker #5: But if approved, this new indication would expand treatment to patients diagnosed with symptomatic stage three disease. This represents a much larger and more accessible patient population.

Speaker #5: Sanofi expects a regulatory decision. In the first half of 2026. Sanofi is also pursuing a lowering of age eligibility from eight years of age to one year of age in the approved stage two indication.

Speaker #5: With a PDUFA date of April 29th. In addition, TZield is expanding geographically after recent approvals in Europe and China. Turning to Agenesis BotVal, Agenesis announced the closing of a strategic collaboration with Zydis designed to accelerate global development and commercialization of BotVal.

Speaker #5: Agenesis has initiated a global phase three trial evaluating BotVal in patients with refractory unresectable microsatellite stable colorectal cancer. The trial will enroll approximately 800 patients across more than 100 sites in Canada, France, Australia, and New Zealand.

Speaker #5: The phase two data are highly encouraging, demonstrating deep and durable responses in this difficult-to-treat population underscoring the meaningful benefit of zero in patients who have failed standard therapies.

Speaker #5: Moving to the next slide, let's look at Palvello's Qtorin rapamycin. The successful phase three trial results in microcystic lymphatic malformations represent a major positive catalyst for Ligand this year.

Speaker #5: Palvello announced this week that Qtorin rapamycin demonstrated a highly statistically significant outcome on the primary endpoint, the key pre-specified secondary endpoint, and all four additional secondary endpoints.

Speaker #5: For the primary endpoint, Qtorin rapamycin demonstrated a plus 2.13 points improvement on the MLM investigator global assessment scale. This is clinically transformative and even more compelling when viewed in the context of a disease where patients currently have no FDA-approved treatments.

Speaker #5: 95% of trial participants were rated as improved and 86% of patients were rated as much improved or very much improved. Additionally, Qtorin rapamycin was well tolerated with no drug-related serious adverse events.

Speaker #5: A remarkable 98% of all participants who completed the trial elected to continue to receive treatment through the ongoing extension period. I'd like to encourage our listeners to review Palvello's presentation on its phase three results located on the Palvello website.

Speaker #5: The work Palvello has done has the potential to be transformative, providing a high clinical impact treatment for patients living with this rare disease. Palvello plans to submit an NDA in the second half of 2026 and is accelerating US launch readiness for this potentially first FDA-approved treatment for MLM in a first-line standard of care treatment for this serious lifelong disease affecting an estimated more than 30,000 diagnosed patients in the US.

Speaker #5: As a reminder, Qtorin rapamycin has been granted breakthrough therapy designation orphan drug designation and fast track designation from the FDA for the treatment of MLM.

Speaker #5: Now turning to Palvello's development of Qtorin rapamycin for the treatment of cutaneous venous malformations, or CVM. In December, Palvello announced positive top-line results from its phase two Toiva study for the treatment of CVM.

Speaker #5: Palvello recently completed a very successful CVM breakthrough therapy designation meeting with FDA and plans to submit a breakthrough application shortly. The FDA has also granted fast track designation to Qtorin rapamycin for the treatment of clinically significant angiokeratomas.

Speaker #5: There are currently no FDA-approved therapies for the estimated more than 50,000 US patients diagnosed with angiokeratomas. Palvello plans to initiate a phase two trial evaluating Qtorin rapamycin for clinically significant angiokeratomas in the second half of 2026.

Speaker #5: Across the two lead indications, there are an estimated more than 100,000 patients diagnosed with either MLM or CVM. Based on payer research, an orphan analog launches Palvello projects an annual per-patient price of $100 to $200,000 per patient.

Speaker #5: At peak, this positions the US commercial opportunity for Qtorin rapamycin to reach an estimated $1 to $3 billion in annual sales. This could translate into a potential $100 to $300 million in peak annual royalty revenue to Ligand.

Speaker #5: We congratulate our partner, Palvello, on their tremendous recent success and their momentum heading into their first potential FDA approval, as well as important development milestones.

Speaker #5: The upcoming year will be a very catalyst-rich year for our Palvello partnership. Next, Phil Sparry continues to perform well commercially in Igen. And it now represents the largest royalty in our portfolio on an annualized go-forward basis.

Speaker #5: Q4 sales in Igen reflected initial tailwinds from two important Q3 catalysts. REMS modification, as well as updated CADIGO guidelines. Additionally, Rinalis, who was recently acquired by Chugai, announced positive phase three results and plans to submit an NDA in Japan for Igen in 2026.

Speaker #5: We believe there could be significant commercial upside if approved in Japan based on population estimates. While we were disappointed to see that the FDA extended the review timeline for the SNDA for Phil Sparry and FSGS, we continue to believe in the potential of Phil Sparry to make a meaningful difference in the lives of patients living with FSGS, and we are encouraged by Trevor's engagement with FDA and their commitment to continue to work with the agency through the extension period, as well as their continued efforts on commercial preparation.

Speaker #5: Moving to the next slide, O2vere is tracking well ahead of initial expectations and it continues to be the strongest launch in COPD history. Q4 sales grew more than 40% sequentially over the prior quarter and the product generated approximately $500 million in sales in its first full calendar year of launch.

Speaker #5: Additionally, the national medical products administration of China accepted the NDA for O2vere for the maintenance treatment of COPD for review. O2vere is currently only approved in the US and has potential for significant upside from geographic expansion.

Speaker #5: Beyond the portfolio highlights we reviewed today, we have a wide range of diversified assets with meaningful upcoming catalysts. Collectively, our commercial portfolio is the strongest it has ever been and it represents a deep pipeline of potential value drivers over the coming years.

Speaker #5: With that, I will turn the call back over to Todd for his closing remarks.

Speaker #1: Thank you, Lauren. We are pleased with the progress of our late-stage development pipeline. Specifically, the strong trial results of Palvello's phase three MLM trial, and the recent new partnering of LaserFoxafen with Leona Bio.

Speaker #1: We've always had strong conviction around these important late-stage programs and are encouraged to see both the clinical development progress of Qtorin rapamycin in MLM and to see LaserFoxafen now backed by a strong investor base under the leadership of a talented team.

Speaker #1: When we combine the strong launch momentum we've seen across multiple products in our commercial stage portfolio, and build on that with our late-stage development pipeline, it's easy to see how quickly momentum can build and begin to predictably compound.

Speaker #1: Our strong origination capabilities, our investment team, and our robust investment process are driving meaningful portfolio growth. Our deal team's ability to identify, access, and create high-quality investments sets Ligand apart.

Speaker #1: Thank you, everyone, for joining us for today's earnings call. I will now pass it back to the operator and open it up for questions.

Speaker #2: Thank you. We will now begin the question and answer session. If you have dialed in and would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad to raise your hand and join the queue.

Speaker #2: If you would like to require your question, simply press star one again. If you are called upon to ask your question and are listening via loudspeaker on your device, please speak up your handset and ensure that your phone is not on mute when asking your question.

Speaker #2: While moment, please for your first question. And your first question comes from the line Thomas Alvarez with Appenheimer. Please go ahead.

Speaker #3: Hey, good morning, everyone. It's Trevor. Congrats on the quarter and the recent Palvello data had a question regarding clinical update expectations for your late-stage royalty portfolio.

Speaker #3: So we all know about the big update for Phil Sparry and FSGS, but what other clinical updates might we expect for other assets during 2026 that investors might be overlooking?

Speaker #1: Thanks, Trevor. I think in terms of our late-stage pipeline, it's quite active. I think if you look at it holistically, just kind of a short list here, but you have Carzeba, in this study for a US approval, Carzeba and Ewing Sarcoma.

Speaker #1: That's with Record ID. BotBow with the genus is in phase three. With Orchestra, you've got both the Adam therapy and Virtue SAB trials in phase three.

Speaker #1: With our Castle Creek partnership, they're working on another treatment for Deb. Similar to Crystal's drug, called DeFi, that is in phase three. And we mentioned obviously and significantly discussed the MLM, but quickly coming in behind MLM for Qtorin rapamycin at Palvello.

Speaker #1: Is the cutaneous venous malformations where they read out some new data in December. And then you heard about LaserFoxafen today. And we have T-Zield with ongoing studies in type 1 diabetes.

Speaker #1: It could expand the use of the drug there. So it's we should have a number of robust updates on all of those over the coming several quarters.

Speaker #1: And I would just point out that a significant majority of these have been added into the portfolio in the last two, two and a half years.

Speaker #1: And those efforts are accelerating. So you can expect additional late-stage assets to continue to be added into our pipeline. So that is kind of core to our business model.

Speaker #1: And we'll be a key driver for our growth going forward.

Speaker #3: Great. Thanks, Todd. Appreciate the update.

Speaker #2: And your next question comes from the line of Matt Hewitt with Craig Hellen. Please go ahead.

Speaker #4: Good morning and congratulations on the strong finish to the year. Maybe first up, and this is a question for Lauren. I know that you've been championed with monetizing some of the older assets in the portfolio.

Speaker #4: I'm just wondering if you could give us an update on that and whether or not you see some potential for low-hanging fruit, some reinvigoration of that older pipeline.

Speaker #5: Yeah, Matt, thanks for joining and thanks for the question. The answer is yes, definitely. So we have 5 to 10 opportunities across the portfolio where we're very actively engaged at the moment.

Speaker #5: Some of those would be new investment opportunities for Ligand. Others are opportunities where we do have operating capabilities on our senior team in terms of really a lot of depth and breadth of experience scientifically across the regulatory domain and then commercially, where we could offer advice and support to our partners.

Speaker #5: And then looking at the balance of the year, there's another 10 opportunities on our list where we plan to engage over the next couple of quarters.

Speaker #5: So I imagine that we'll see publicly another announcement or two by the end of the year. But I think as an example with LaserFoxafen, a strategy that's already yielding quite a bit of value to our portfolio and some of those legacy investments that you referenced.

Speaker #4: That's great. Thank you.

Speaker #2: And your next question comes from the line of Annabel Samimi with Stiple. Please go ahead.

Speaker #6: Hi. Thanks for taking my question. And congratulations on a strong year. I guess in the last few months, we've been hearing a lot more about T-Zield.

Speaker #6: It's a low royalty, but it seems like it could be a decent market. Can you talk a little bit more about the larger opportunity that you see?

Speaker #6: And do you have any sense of a peak sales size and what that can contribute to Ligand given the low royalty?

Speaker #5: Yeah. Thanks, Annabel, for the question and thanks for joining. So you're right. Our royalty on T-Zield is on the lower side relative to some of our other partnerships.

Speaker #5: But this is a potentially blockbuster opportunity that Sanofi has. The current indication where they're approved is in stage two type 1 diabetes, which is a little bit complex to sort of digest.

Speaker #5: And there's a lot of words associated with that indication. But basically, what that means is that they're going out and looking for patients who are pre-symptomatic.

Speaker #5: So if a patient is diagnosed with stage 1 type 1 diabetes, what they do is they go out and they screen the family members and see if there are any patients who may be pre-symptomatic who would be progressing to symptomatic disease.

Speaker #5: And then they treat them with T-Zield. Sanofi is doing a fantastic job building out that market. However, it's very difficult, as you can imagine, going out and screening large numbers of these pre-symptomatic patients.

Speaker #5: So we're continuing to see kind of gradual growth in that indication. The one where they have the commissioner's voucher, that indication is in stage three disease.

Speaker #5: And so those are newly diagnosed symptomatic patients. Those are much more accessible commercially just because they're already in the healthcare system and being treated.

Speaker #5: So commercially, that opportunity is probably much larger. Sanofi acquired this asset from Prevention Bio, and they have a lot of conviction around it. And so we're eager to see the decision on that stage three indication sometime the first half of this year.

Speaker #6: Thank you.

Speaker #2: All right. Thank you. And your next question comes from the line of Eagle Nutrimovitz with Citigroup. Please go ahead.

Speaker #7: Hi. Good morning. This is Juan Kim on for Eagle. Congrats on the quarter, and thanks for taking our question. We were wondering if you could help contextualize the reiterated guidance range given the slight delay for FSGS approval and how much, if anything, the below end of the range assume for FSGS royalties in addition to continued Ligand royalties.

Speaker #6: Yeah. Thanks for the yeah. Thanks for the question. We assumed relatively we have a relatively modest assumption. It is a risk-adjusted number on FSGS going into the 2026 royalty guide.

Speaker #6: We did disclose that number. It's in our investor day slides. It's a $4 4 million in 2026. And obviously, at the time, we had the January 13th Paducah date.

Speaker #6: Moving it out a quarter impacts that number minimally, I believe. It is a risk-adjusted number. So if it's a obviously, if it's a good outcome on the approval, then that is a de-risked input.

Speaker #6: And it's somewhere north of that $4 million. But it's overall FSGS is going to be we think a minor contributor. In 2026, obviously, that becomes more significant.

Speaker #6: And more meaningful as we get out to the later into the later years. And yeah. So that's the input on FSGS.

Speaker #7: Got it. Thank you.

Speaker #2: Thank you. And your next question comes from the line of Joe Pantginis with HC Wainwright. Please go ahead.

Speaker #8: Hey, everybody. Good morning. Thanks for all the details as usual. So first, maybe for Todd or anyone else that wants to chime in, off of your recent analyst day, and combined with your very strong deployable capital, do you have any thoughts or does it stay the same with regard to any changes or updates toward your selection criteria for potential partnerships, for example, the sizes or anything else?

Speaker #7: Hey, Joe. Thanks for the question. This is Todd. Well, I think that in general, as the value of our portfolio grows - and it is growing rapidly - the average value per deal that we'll want to capture will go up proportionally.

Speaker #7: And so just a matter of kind of functional strategy, you can increase proportionally your deal size, or you can do more deals. We really like the range that we're in because we're very focused on these high clinical value assets.

Speaker #7: A lot of times, you can create really significant value with phase three studies that are in the 30 to 80 million dollar cost range in total.

Speaker #7: And that's a very good investment target for us. Where there's a high demand for capital, and there's relatively few solutions in terms of structured finance or royalty financing.

Speaker #7: So we'd like to stay in that space. But on average, we are going to be looking for greater value generation and having that accelerate over time through a combination of maybe slightly larger deals and more deals.

Speaker #8: No, that's really helpful. Thanks a lot. And then maybe a question for Lauren, if you don't mind. So maybe you can remind us or provide some detail, and I know, obviously, get more information for the company.

Speaker #8: But with regard to the Castle Creek Technology, we had a lot of familiarity with that. But I think maybe it's important to remind us or talk about any potential differentiations with regard to Vaijuvec because, obviously, for example, any differences in potential surface area addressed or any other sort of differentiation you might want to discuss.

Speaker #6: Yeah. Great. Thanks, Joe, for the question. So we have a lot of conviction in DeFi, which is the Castle Creek treatment that, as you mentioned, is the same indication as Crystal's Vaijuvec.

Speaker #6: The investment thesis here is that we think it's a validated target. So we're looking at a phase three gene-modified autologous cell therapy with Castle Creek.

Speaker #6: The differentiation here is that it's injectable. So it could expand the body surface area whereas Vaijuvec has a live HSV vector and is applied topically.

Speaker #6: So they're pretty limited in terms of the accessible body surface area for any individual patient. We also think that Vaijuvec is really validated the market here so they did just under 400 million in 2025 sales.

Speaker #6: So we think DeFi could come in and be a nice complementary treatment for patients with DEB. They have the vast majority of their body surface areas affected by these really debilitating wounds.

Speaker #6: And so if you offer patients a range of treatments where Vaijuvec, as an example, needs to be dosed on open wounds whereas these patients have they develop over time a lot of these chronic wounds that get kind of crusted over.

Speaker #6: And so they're not accessible with a topical treatment like Vaijuvec. But when you introduce an injectable into the marketplace, then it really expands the treatment options for patients.

Speaker #6: Longer term, there could be a potential to also use this treatment in the hands and feet whereas patients with DEB, they get almost sort of a webbing in between their fingers and toes.

Speaker #6: It really limits their ability to perform activities of daily living. So longer term, that could be on the horizon as well. They're really strong team in place at Castle Creek.

Speaker #6: And so we think that with the differentiation and a validated target, we're pretty optimistic about the trajectory for this one.

Speaker #8: Great. Much appreciated answers. Thank you.

Speaker #2: So and your next question comes from the line of Larry Solo with CJS Securities. Please go ahead.

Speaker #9: Hi. Good morning. It's Pete Lucas for Larry. Just a couple of questions on Phil Sparry. Does delay in approval in FSGS have any impact on your 2026 outlook, or can we assume negligible or no expectations and guidance?

Speaker #7: Yeah. It's going to be thanks for the question. It's going to be a negligible. It's a relatively small assumption from FSGS in 2026. We did disclose at our investor day that we are assuming $4 million contribution from FSGS in 2026, so.

Speaker #7: Relatively minor.

Speaker #9: Great. Thanks. And can you remind us of the potential market size opportunity in the US for Phil Sparry FSGS versus IGAN? And outside of the US, it's been approved in Europe and trials underway in Japan.

Speaker #9: Can you give us an idea there also of the market opportunities outside of the US?

Speaker #7: Go ahead, Lauren.

Speaker #6: Sure. Thanks for the question. So consensus estimates for Phil Sparry in IGAN and in FSGS are around $1 billion per indication. Just as a reminder, our royalty is 9% here.

Speaker #6: So that would be a potential of around a $90 million royalty revenue to LIGAN for each indication standalone. So FSGS, they are expecting will launch more quickly than IGAN because there are no treatment options.

Speaker #6: It's a more rapidly progressing disease. The patients are younger. And Trevor has really built out all of the commercial or the vast majority of the commercial infrastructure that they need they've shared that they'll be adding some sales reps to help cover the pediatric nephrologist, but they already have a lot of the infrastructure in place.

Speaker #6: So they've guided to the fact that the launch, if approved, would probably ramp more quickly than an IGAN. I think that on the Japan side of things, IGAN is quite prevalent in Japan.

Speaker #6: So there could be a pretty sizable commercial opportunity there. Trevor and then Chugai have not shared anything externally in terms of their expectations there.

Speaker #6: We'll have to see if the drug is approved, how the pricing comes in. But we're optimistic that there could be some real value to unlock there.

Speaker #9: Very helpful. Thanks.

Speaker #2: All right. Thank you. And your next question comes from the line of John Vandermosten with SCR. Please go ahead.

Speaker #10: Thank you. Jazz is Riley's not beat estimates in fourth quarter. And I'm wondering, if that was enough to push it into your category of key royalty drivers.

Speaker #10: And then also, what are your thoughts on this asset as we look ahead towards the rest of the year?

Speaker #6: Yeah. Great. So thanks for the question. Riley's is one of the more mature products in our portfolio. So we don't talk about it as much as we do some of the products that we have that are newer to the portfolio in terms of launching and ramping and a lot of growth.

Speaker #6: But what we continue to see is real strength in the performance of Riley's. And as you've evidenced by the recent strong quarter that they shared, we don't have a lot of catalysts in terms of inflection points that could drive the sales of that drug up or down.

Speaker #6: It is one of our key royalty revenue drivers. And we expect that it will continue to be over the coming quarters and years. But probably nothing on the near-term horizon that we see that would materially drive the sales to grow substantially from here.

Speaker #10: Okay. Thank you. And looking at Peltos and your equity holding in that asset, do you see that as a source of cash, or is that just a good place to stay as they roll out their portfolio and add new assets?

Speaker #7: Yeah. I think with obviously with a strategic transaction like that where you end up with a real significant percentage in a company, we're going to have a very long-term view on that as holders.

Speaker #7: We're not looking for liquidity right away. And we think there's a lot of upside there as well. So overall, in terms of our equity strategy, I mean, between warrants and legacy investments and things like that, we still have a million shares in Viking, for example.

Speaker #7: We have had a general philosophy that once these things are mature and at the appropriate time, of course, we do look for liquidity, and we do see them as a source of cash in some cases.

Speaker #10: Got it. And then last question is just a broader one on the markets and all. So M&A was kind of up in the second half of '25 and then kind of its maybe slowed a bit this year.

Speaker #10: And the IPO market has been fairly weak for our space. What how does that affecting the opportunities that you see?

Speaker #7: I think that I mean, it's generally I would say an okay market right now. And better than it was two years ago for example.

Speaker #7: But for us, John, in good markets and in bad, I think royalty financing is growing rapidly regardless. It's doubled in the last five years.

Speaker #7: People are seeing it as much more a mainstream part of their capital structure for lack of a better term. So there's debt, there's equity, and there's royalty financing available for companies.

Speaker #7: It used to be 10 years ago when you would approach a company and offer a royalty financing, there was typically not always, but typically an education process required.

Speaker #7: Now, most of the CFOs and CEOs out there immediately know what you're talking about conceptually. And understand how it fits into their capital structure.

Speaker #7: And they also realize that there's many advantages. I mean, it's not better, but it's different than other forms of financing. So for example, our investments are extremely long-term, and they're tied much better to the life cycle of assets within.

Speaker #7: Kind of biopharmaceutical development timelines because we're attached to the assets over time. Even when they trade hands, and so there's a lot of advantages to doing this.

Speaker #7: And obviously, at some points, people think their equity is significantly undervalued. On a relative basis, it can look attractive for that reason. So in good markets and in bad, we have just found our pipelines to be quite robust.

Speaker #7: Paul Haddon in the investment team simply have more deals to do than they can possibly do. So we're really culling our pipeline of opportunities pretty aggressively to make sure that we're spending our time on things with a high probability of closing.

Speaker #7: That offer are good assets, meet all of our asset criteria that we look at, and will offer appropriate returns as well.

Speaker #10: Great. Thank you, Todd.

Speaker #2: Thank you. And that concludes our question and answer session. I would like to thank our speakers for today's presentation. And thank you all for joining us.

Operator: After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question during this time, simply press star followed by the number one on your telephone keypad. If you would like to withdraw your question, please press star one again. Thank you. I would now like to turn the conference over to Melanie Herman, you may begin.

Melanie Herman: Good morning, everyone, welcome to Ligand's Q4 and full year 2025 earnings call. With me on the call today are CEO, Todd Davis, Chief Financial Officer, Tavo Espinoza, and Vice President of Portfolio Strategy and Investments, Lauren Hay. During the call today, we will review the financial results released earlier today and provide commentary on our partner portfolio and business development activity, followed by a question and answer session. Before we get started, I would like to point out that we will be discussing non-GAAP results, which exclude certain items such as stock-based compensation, amortization of intangible assets, amortization or impairment of financial assets, gains or losses from derivative assets, and gain on the sale of the Pelthos business, amongst others.

Melanie Herman: I encourage you to review the reconciliation of these non-GAAP measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measures, which can be found in today's release available on our website. We believe these adjusted measures provide valuable insight into our core operating performance, both historically and moving forward. Our release today and a link to today's webcast can be found in the investor relations section of our website at Ligand.com. This call is being recorded, and the audio portion will be archived in the investors section of our website. On today's call, we will make forward-looking statements regarding our financial results and other matters related to the company's business. Please refer to the safe harbor statement related to these forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks and uncertainties.

Melanie Herman: We remind you that actual events or results may differ materially from those projected or discussed, and that all forward-looking statements are based upon current available information. Ligand Pharmaceuticals assumes no obligation to update these statements. To better understand the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ, we refer you to the documents that Ligand Pharmaceuticals files with the Securities and Exchange Commission or SEC that can be found on Ligand Pharmaceuticals' website at ligand.com or on the SEC's website at sec.gov. With that, I will now turn the call over to Todd Davis.

Todd Davis: Thank you, Melanie. Good morning, everyone. We appreciate you joining us today. 2025 was a defining year for Ligand. We delivered exceptional financial performance with full year adjusted EPS exceeding our original 2025 guidance by more than 30%. That growth reflects the strategic changes we began implementing in 2023, the lean operating structure, the talented team, the focused investment strategy, and the strength and depth of our royalty portfolio, which continues to outperform expectations. Full year royalty revenue grew 48% over the prior year, full year adjusted EPS increased 42%, reflecting strong performance across the portfolio. Key drivers contributed to the 48% growth include the continued ramp of FILSPARI, successful launches of Merck's Ohtuvayre and CAPVAXIVE, and the commercial launch of ZELSUVMI and continued growth of Recordati's Qarziba.

Todd Davis: With substantial cash and investments on hand, we are well-positioned to pursue disciplined investments that create new clinically differentiated product royalty streams and enhance long-term shareholder value. I'd like to take a moment to congratulate our partner, Palvella Therapeutics, on their announcement this week of positive top-line data for their phase III FILMA trial of Kutora and rapamycin for the treatment of microcystic lymphatic malformations, also known as MLM. Based on the strong trial results, we believe Kutora and rapamycin is likely to become the first FDA-approved therapy for more than 30,000 diagnosed patients with MLM, a serious, rare, and debilitating disease. We are proud to partner with Palvella and commend them on their hard work and dedication to develop transformative, high clinical impact treatments for patients living with this rare disease for which there are currently no approved therapies.

Todd Davis: Separately, in 2025, our deal team executed on a special situations transaction through the strategic merger and financing of Pelthos and Channel Therapeutics. Our special situations efforts can require significant effort, but we are rewarded with our efforts with superior risk-adjusted investment returns. Our team was patient and thoughtful, creating a subsidiary, building out a top-notch management team, and spinning Pelthos out into a publicly traded entity and creating significant equity and royalty value for Ligand investors. Importantly, we were also able to rescue and shepherd ZELSUVMI from bankruptcy through to FDA approval and into the hands of a capable team at Pelthos Therapeutics that will now serve millions of patients that are impacted by molluscum contagiosum. As we look ahead to 2026, we are accelerating our business development efforts.

Todd Davis: Our team is expanding, our pipeline is deeper, our capital base is stronger than ever, and our efforts to fuel our growth initiatives. Additionally, in 2025, we launched a systematic portfolio management strategy to drive value in our development stage partnerships. We're now focused on more proactively communicating with our partners and doing what we do best, identifying new opportunities to provide additional investments or expand the partnerships in other ways. I also want to address how we view royalty financing in the current biopharmaceutical funding environment. Importantly, we are seeing growth in the demand for royalty capital as evidenced by the doubling of the royalties funding market over the last 5 years. Even with improvement in the equity markets, royalty financing has become a strategic capital structure tool companies are choosing regardless of the broader market conditions.

Todd Davis: Our partners value royalties because they are non-dilutive, complementary to equity capital, and aligned with our partners' long-term development cycles. Additionally, only a small portion of the overall royalty financing market is tied to development stage assets. Ligand is uniquely positioned in this way within the rapidly expanding biopharmaceutical royalty financing sector, where demand for capital is high. Since 2022, we've been on a strong upward growth trajectory. Earnings have more than tripled as our royalty portfolio has scaled, and we have aggressively managed our operating margins. Core revenue has also grown meaningfully from $108 million in 2022 to $240 million this year, and we are now expecting $265 million in 2026. That's based upon the midpoint range of our guidance. More than $430 million is expected by 2030.

Todd Davis: Adjusted EPS reflects the same momentum, moving from $2.44 a share in 2022 to more than $8 per share this year, with visibility to over $13.50 per share by 2030. Looking ahead to 2030, I would like to highlight our 5-year royalty receipts outlook, which we shared at our Investor Day in December 2025. We now expect a 23% compound annual growth rate in royalty receipts from 2025 through 2030. This growth is driven by contributions across the entire portfolio. The commercial programs form the core of the growth profile and contribute to an expected 15% annual growth. These products are already marketed, supported by strong partners, and in some cases, have the opportunity for additional label or geographic expansion.

Todd Davis: Additionally, the Pharma team, which represents significantly risk-adjusted development stage programs currently in Ligand's portfolio, is expected to contribute an additional 5%, and future investments should add at least another 3%. We believe the strength of our recent results, the continued momentum of our royalty portfolio, and our investment team's disciplined capital deployment approach positions us to deliver sustained long-term growth for years to come. With that, I'd like to turn it over to Tavo for the financial update.

Tavo Espinoza: Thanks, Todd. Good morning, everyone. I'll start with a brief overview of our full year 2025 financial performance, followed by the Q4 highlights, and then discuss our 2026 outlook. 2025 was a breakout year financially for Ligand, driven by strong execution across our royalty portfolio and disciplined capital deployment. For the full year, total GAAP revenue was $268 million, up from $167 million in 2024. This includes a gain related to the sale of the Pelthos business. Excluding that gain, core revenue was $240 million, reflecting 43% year-over-year growth. Royalty revenue grew to $161 million, an increase of 48% year-over-year, driven primarily by FILSPARI, Ohtuvayre, CAPVAXIVE, and Qarziba.

Tavo Espinoza: From an earnings perspective, core adjusted diluted earnings per share increased to $8.13, up 42% year-over-year, reflecting strong operating leverage in the model and higher royalty contribution. Importantly, while 2025 benefited from the $25 million ZELSUVMI out-license fee, the underlying royalty portfolio delivered substantial organic growth independent of that one-time item. Turning to Q4, total revenue in Q4 was $59.7 million, representing a 39% increase compared to the same period last year. Royalty revenue was $50.5 million, up 45% year-over-year, and again represented the primary driver of growth. Key royalty contributors during the quarter included continued strength in FILSPARI with US net sales of $103 million.

Tavo Espinoza: This represents 108% growth year-over-year and $322 million of net sales for the full fiscal year. As a reminder, we also receive a royalty on net sales of Travere's partner in Europe, CSL Vifor. In total, we recorded royalties of $32 million on approximately $355 million in global FILSPARI sales in 2025, including those reported by CSL Vifor. Merck's Ohtuvayre, which reported net sales of $178 million in the partial Q4. On a full quarter basis, accounting for the fact that Verona Pharma owned the asset for the 7 days of the quarter, sales were just under $200 million.

Tavo Espinoza: US net sales of Ohtuvayre for the full year 2025 were $506 million. Merck's CAPVAXIVE, which reported net sales of $279 million in Q4 and $755 million for the full year, is rapidly approaching blockbuster status. Recordati's Qarziba reported net sales of EUR 159 million for the full year 2025, representing 12% growth. Adjusted net income for the quarter was $42.7 million or $2.02 per diluted share, compared with $1.27 in the prior year period. The increase was driven almost entirely by higher royalty revenue, reflecting the scalability of our model.

Tavo Espinoza: On the expense side, R&D expense declined to $3.5 million in the quarter compared to $4.4 million last year, and G&A expense was $25 million, relatively flat year over year as we maintained disciplined cost management while supporting portfolio growth. Overall, the Q4 capped a year of accelerating earnings and expanding margins. For the full year, R&D expense was $81.2 million compared to $21.4 million in the prior year. 2025 full year R&D costs include $62 million related to the accounting treatment of Castle Creek and Orchestra BioMed investments. Full year G&A costs for 2025 were $92.4 million compared to $78.7 million, driven by stock-based compensation costs, Pelthos transaction costs, and other headcount-related costs, primarily to scale the BD function.

Tavo Espinoza: We also ended the year with a very strong balance sheet, including $734 million in cash equivalents, and short-term investments. When combined with our equity holdings in Pelthos Therapeutics and available capacity under our credit facility, we ended 2025 with over $1 billion in deployable capital. Turning now to 2026, we are reaffirming the financial guidance we introduced at our Investor Day in December. For the full year, we expect adjusted EPS of approximately $8 to 9 per share, royalty revenue of $200 to 225 million, representing 32% growth at the midpoint, Captisol revenue of $35 to 40 million, and contract revenue of $10 to 20 million. In total, we expect revenue of $245 to 285 million for 2026.

Tavo Espinoza: As a reminder, the year-over-year adjusted EPS growth appears modest at the midpoint due to the one-time X fortsatt out license income recognized in 2025. Excluding that item, the underlying earnings power of the business continues to grow meaningfully. Royalty growth in 2026 is expected to be driven primarily by FILSPARI, Ohtuvayre, CAPVAXIVE, and X fortsatt, all of which remain in relatively early stages of their commercial life cycle. With that, I'd now like to turn the call over to Lauren for a portfolio update.

Lauren Hay: Thanks, Tavo. Good morning, everyone. I'd like to provide more detail on our new portfolio management strategy that Todd touched on earlier. We recently launched a more sophisticated and systematic portfolio management process designed to actively drive value across our partnerships. This approach allows us to track progress and catalysts in a more disciplined manner, to increase the frequency and depth of our partner dialogue, and to proactively identify new investment opportunities. This positions us to take initiative to ensure our partners have what they need to be successful, whether that means adding investment behind programs in which we have high conviction, broadening the scope of existing collaborations, or identifying novel ways to expand the partnership. In short, it's all about being more proactive, more data-driven, and more investment-focused across the portfolio.

Lauren Hay: Moving to the next slide, I'd like to provide an update on one positive development from our recent portfolio management efforts. lasofoxifene is a program that has been in our portfolio for quite some time. The product was originally discovered in 1991 through a research collaboration between Ligand and Pfizer, and is currently midway through its phase III trial for the treatment of ER-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer in patients with ESR1 mutation. lasofoxifene has a compelling value proposition. In phase II studies, lasofoxifene demonstrated a 13-month median PFS in combination with abemaciclib, significantly stronger than the 3 to 6-month median of currently approved monotherapies. lasofoxifene also has a unique mechanism of action as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, or SERM, presenting potential advantages in tolerability as well as bone and urogenital health.

Lauren Hay: Additionally, the product has a large safety database of approximately 10,000 patients from prior Pfizer studies. lasofoxifene was being developed by Sermonix Pharmaceuticals, who ran into financial challenges midway through the pivotal study. Late last year, we worked collaboratively with Sermonix equity investors to successfully assign the license to LeonaBio, previously Athira Pharma. In conjunction with the license, Leona completed a $90 million PIPE with very strong investor demand led by Perceptive, Commodore, and TCGX, with additional potential financing of $146 million to support the program. Ligand participated in the PIPE to signal our support and partnership with Leona, and we are encouraged to see this important late-stage program backed by a strong investor base under the leadership of the talented team at Leona.

Lauren Hay: Top line data for lasofoxifene is expected to read out in mid-2027 in the ongoing pivotal ELAINE 3 trial, which is currently more than 50% enrolled. Additionally, Henlius has exclusive rights to lasofoxifene in Asia and certain countries in the Middle East and is currently in phase III development in China. Ligand earns a tier 6 to 10% royalty on worldwide net sales of lasofoxifene, and with management peak sales estimates of approximately $1 billion, this could potentially result in annual royalties to Ligand of $80 million. Moving to the next slide, I'd like to provide some important updates on other key assets in Ligand's portfolio. I will go into more details on Palvella's QTORIN rapamycin, Travere's FILSPARI, and Merck's Ohtuvayre on the following slides, first I'd like to briefly touch on two of our pipeline assets. This includes Sanofi's TZIELD and eGenesis' Botval.

Lauren Hay: In October 2025, TZIELD was accepted for expedited review for stage 3 type 1 diabetes, or T1D, through the Commissioner's National Priority Voucher Pilot Program based on its potential to address a large unmet medical need. TZIELD is currently approved in the US for patients with pre-symptomatic stage 2 disease to delay the onset of stage 3 in patients who are 8 years of age and older. If approved, this new indication would expand treatment to patients diagnosed with symptomatic stage 3 disease. This represents a much larger and more accessible patient population. Sanofi expects a regulatory decision in H1 2026. Sanofi is also pursuing a lowering of age eligibility from 8 years of age to 1 year of age in the approved stage 2 indication with a PDUFA date of April 29th.

Lauren Hay: In addition, TZIELD is expanding geographically after recent approvals in Europe and China. Turning to eGenesis' Botval, eGenesis announced the closing of a strategic collaboration with Zydus designed to accelerate global development and commercialization of Botval. eGenesis has initiated a global phase III trial evaluating Botval in patients with refractory unresectable microsatellite stable colorectal cancer. The trial will enroll approximately 800 patients across more than 100 sites in Canada, France, Australia, and New Zealand. The phase II data are highly encouraging, demonstrating deep and durable responses in this difficult-to-treat population, underscoring the meaningful benefit of duris in patients who have failed standard therapies. Moving to the next slide, let's look at Palvella's QTORIN rapamycin. The successful phase III trial results in Microcystic Lymphatic Malformations represent a major positive catalyst for Ligand this year.

Lauren Hay: Palvella announced this week that QTORIN rapamycin demonstrated a highly statistically significant outcome on the primary endpoint, the key pre-specified secondary endpoint, and all four additional secondary endpoints. For the primary endpoint, QTORIN rapamycin demonstrated a +2.13 point improvement on the MLM Investigator Global Assessment scale. This is clinically transformative and even more compelling when viewed in the context of a disease where patients currently have no FDA-approved treatment. 95% of trial participants were rated as improved, and 86% of patients were rated as much improved or very much improved. Additionally, QTORIN rapamycin was well-tolerated with no drug-related serious adverse events. A remarkable 98% of all participants who completed the trial elected to continue to receive treatment through the ongoing extension period. I'd like to encourage our listeners to review Palvella's presentation on its phase III results located on the Palvella website.

Lauren Hay: The work Palvella has done has the potential to be transformative, providing a high clinical impact treatment for patients living with this rare disease. Palvella plans to submit an NDA in H2 2026 and is accelerating US launch readiness for this potentially first FDA-approved treatment for MLM in a first-line standard of care treatment for this serious lifelong disease affecting an estimated more than 30,000 diagnosed patients in the US. As a reminder, QTORIN rapamycin has been granted breakthrough therapy designation, Orphan Drug Designation, and Fast Track designation from the FDA for the treatment of MLM. Turning to Palvella's development of QTORIN rapamycin for the treatment of cutaneous venous malformations, or CVM. In December, Palvella announced positive top-line results from its phase II TOIVA study for the treatment of CVM.

Lauren Hay: Palvella recently completed a very successful CVM breakthrough therapy designation meeting with FDA and plans to submit a breakthrough application shortly. The FDA has also granted Fast Track designation to QTORIN rapamycin for the treatment of clinically significant angiokeratomas. There are currently no FDA-approved therapies for the estimated more than 50,000 US patients diagnosed with angiokeratomas. Palvella plans to initiate a phase II trial evaluating QTORIN rapamycin for clinically significant angiokeratomas in H2 2026. Across the two lead indications, there are an estimated more than 100,000 patients diagnosed with either MLM or CVM. Based on payer research and orphan analog launches, Palvella projects an annual per-patient price of $100,000 to $200,000 per patient. At peak, this positions the US commercial opportunity for QTORIN rapamycin to reach an estimated $1 billion to $3 billion in annual sales.

Lauren Hay: This could translate into a potential $100 to 300 million in peak annual royalty revenue to Ligand. We congratulate our partner, Palvella, on their tremendous recent success and their momentum heading into their first potential FDA approval as well as important development milestones. The upcoming year will be a very catalyst-rich year for our Palvella partnership. FILSPARI continues to perform well commercially in IgAN, and it now represents the largest royalty in our portfolio on an annualized go-forward basis. Q4 sales in IgAN reflected initial tailwinds from two important Q3 catalysts: REMS modification as well as updated KDIGO guidelines. Renalys, who was recently acquired by Chugai, announced positive phase III results and plans to submit an NDA in Japan for IgAN in 2026. We believe there could be significant commercial upside if approved in Japan based on population estimates.

Lauren Hay: While we were disappointed to see that the FDA extended the review timeline for the sNDA for FILSPARI and FSGS, we continue to believe in the potential of FILSPARI to make a meaningful difference in the lives of patients living with FSGS, and we are encouraged by Travere's engagement with FDA, their commitment to continue to work with the agency through the extension period, as well as their continued efforts on commercial preparation. Moving to the next slide, Ohtuvayre is tracking well ahead of initial expectations. It continues to be the strongest launch in COPD history. Q4 sales grew more than 40% sequentially over the prior quarter. The product generated approximately $500 million in sales in its first full calendar year of launch. Additionally, the National Medical Products Administration of China accepted the NDA for Ohtuvayre for the maintenance treatment of COPD for review.

Lauren Hay: O2Vure is currently only approved in the US and has potential for significant upside from geographic expansion. Beyond the portfolio highlights we reviewed today, we have a wide range of diversified assets with meaningful upcoming catalysts. Collectively, our commercial portfolio is the strongest it has ever been, and it represents a deep pipeline of potential value drivers over the coming years. With that, I will turn the call back over to Todd for his closing remarks.

Todd Davis: Thank you, Lauren. We are pleased with the progress of our late-stage development pipeline, specifically the strong trial results of Palvella's phase III MLM trial and the recent new partnering of lasofoxifene with LeonaBio. We've always had strong conviction around these important late-stage programs and are encouraged to see both the clinical development progress of Kutora rapamycin in MLM and to see lasofoxifene now backed by a strong investor base under the leadership of a talented team. When we combine the strong launch momentum we've seen across multiple products in our commercial stage portfolio and build on that with our late-stage development pipeline, it's easy to see how quickly momentum can build and begin to predictably compound. Our strong origination capabilities, our investment team, and our robust investment process are driving meaningful portfolio growth. Our deal team's ability to identify, access, and create high-quality investments sets Ligand apart.

Todd Davis: Thank you everyone for joining us for today's earnings call. I will now pass it back to the operator and open it up for questions.

Operator: Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. If you have dialed in and would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad to raise your hand and join the queue. If you would like to withdraw your question, simply press star one again. If you are called upon to ask your question and are listening via loudspeaker on your device, please pick up your handset and ensure that your phone is not on mute when asking your question. One moment please for your first question. Your first question comes from the line of Thomas Alva with Oppenheimer. Please go ahead.

[Analyst] (Oppenheimer): Hey, good morning, everyone. It's Trevor. Congrats on the quarter and the recent Palvella data. Had a question regarding clinical update expectations for your late-stage royalty portfolio. We all know about the big update for FILSPARI and FSGS, but what other clinical updates might we expect for other assets during 2026 that investors might be overlooking?

Todd Davis: Thanks, Trevor. I think in terms of our late-stage pipeline, it's quite active. I think if you look at it holistically, just kind of a short list here, but you have Qarziba in a study for US approval, Qarziba in Ewing sarcoma. That's with Recordati. Botval with eGenesis is in phase III. With Orchestra BioMed, you've got both the ADEM therapy and VIRTUE-SAB trials in phase III. With our Castle Creek Biosciences partnership, they're working on another treatment for DEB, similar to Krystal Biotech's drug, called D-Fi that is in phase III. We mentioned obviously and significantly discussed the MLM, but quickly coming in behind MLM for Kutora rapamycin at Palvella Therapeutics is the cutaneous venous malformations, where they read out some new data in December.

Todd Davis: Then you heard about lasofoxifene today. We have TZIELD with ongoing studies in type 1 diabetes that could expand the use of the drug there. We should have a number of robust updates on all of those over the coming, you know, several quarters. I would just point out that a significant majority of these have been added into the portfolio in the last, you know, 2 and a half years. Those efforts are accelerating, so you can expect additional late-stage assets to continue to be added into our pipeline. That is kind of core to our business model and will be a key driver for our growth going forward.

Trevor: Great. Thanks, Todd. Appreciate the update.

Operator: Your next question comes from the line of Matthew Hewitt with Craig-Hallum. Please go ahead.

Matthew Hewitt: Good morning, congratulations on the strong finish to the year. Maybe first up, this is a question for Lauren. I know that you've been championed with monetizing some of the older assets in the portfolio. I'm just wondering if you could give us an update on that and whether or not you see some potential for low-hanging fruit, some reinvigoration of that older pipeline?

Lauren Hay: Yeah, Matt, thanks for joining, and thanks for the question. The answer is yes, definitely. We have 5 to 10 opportunities across the portfolio where we're, you know, very actively engaged at the moment. Some of those would be new investment opportunities for Ligand. Others are opportunities where, you know, we do have operating capabilities on our senior team in terms of really a lot of the depth and breadth of experience scientifically across the regulatory domain, and then commercially where we could offer, you know, advice and support to our partners. Looking at the balance of the year, there's another 10 opportunities on our list where we plan to engage over the next couple quarters.

Lauren Hay: I imagine that we'll see, you know, publicly another, you know, announcement or two by the end of the year. It's, you know, I think as an example with Lasofoxifene strategy that's already yielding quite a bit of value to our portfolio and some of those legacy investments that you referenced.

Matthew Hewitt: That's great. Thank you.

Operator: Your next question comes from the line of Annabel Samimy with Stifel. Please go ahead.

Annabel Samimy: Hi. Thanks for taking my question and congratulations on a strong year. I guess in the last few months, we've been hearing a lot more about TZIELD. It's a low royalty, it seems like it could be a decent market. Can you talk a little bit more about the larger opportunity that you see, and do you have any sense of a peak sales size, and what that can contribute to Ligand, given the low royalty?

Lauren Hay: Thanks, Annabel Samimy, for the question, and thanks for joining. You're right. Our royalty on TZIELD is on the lower side relative to some of our other partnerships, you know, this is a potentially blockbuster opportunity that Sanofi has. The current indication where they're approved is in stage 2 type 1 diabetes, which is a little bit complex to sort of digest. There's a lot of, you know, words associated with that indication. Basically what that means is that they're going out and looking for patients who are pre-symptomatic.

Lauren Hay: If a patient is diagnosed with stage 1 type 1 diabetes, what they do is they go out and they screen the family members and see if there are any patients who may be pre-symptomatic who would be progressing to symptomatic disease, and then they treat them with TZIELD. Sanofi is doing a fantastic job building out that market. However, it's very difficult, as you can imagine, going out and screening large numbers of these pre-symptomatic patients. We're continuing to see kind of gradual growth in that indication. The one where they have the Commissioner's voucher, that indication is in stage 3 disease, those are newly diagnosed symptomatic patients. Those are much more accessible commercially just because they're already in the healthcare system and being treated.

Lauren Hay: Commercially, that opportunity is probably much larger. Sanofi acquired this asset from Provention Bio, and they have a lot of conviction around it. We're, you know, eager to see the decision on that stage 3 indication sometime in H1 of this year.

Annabel Samimy: Thank you.

Operator: Right. Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Yigal Nochomovitz with Citigroup. Please go ahead.

Juwon Kim: Hi. Good morning. This is Juwon Kim on for Yigal Nochomovitz. Congrats on the quarter, and thanks for taking our question. We were wondering if you could help contextualize the reiterated guidance range given the slight delay for FSGS approval, and how much, if anything, did the low end of the range assume for FSGS royalties in addition to continued IgAN royalties?

Tavo Espinoza: Thanks for the question. You know, we assumed we have a relatively modest assumption. It is a risk-adjusted number on FSGS going into the 2026 royalty guide. We did disclose that number. It's in our Investor Day slides. It's $4 million in 2026. And obviously at the time, we had the 13 January PDUFA date, moving it out a quarter, you know, impacts that number minimally, I believe. It is a risk-adjusted number. Obviously, if it's a good outcome on the approval, then that is a de-risked input, and it's somewhere north of that $4 million.

Tavo Espinoza: It's overall FSGS is gonna be, we think, you know, a minor contributor in 2026. Obviously, that becomes more significant and more meaningful as we get out to the later years. Yeah. That's the input on FSGS.

Pete Lucas: All right, thank you.

Operator: Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Joe Pantginis with HC Wainwright. Please go ahead.

Joe Pantginis: Hey, everybody. Good morning. Thanks for all the details, as usual. First, maybe for Todd or anyone else that wants to chime in, off of your recent Analyst Day and combined with your very strong deployable capital, do you have any thoughts or does it stay the same with regard to any changes or updates toward your selection criteria for potential partnerships, for example, you know, the sizes or anything else?

Todd Davis: Hey, Joe. Thanks for the question. This is Todd. Well, I think that in general, as the value of our portfolio grows, and it is growing rapidly, the average value per deal that we'll wanna capture will go up proportionally. Just as a matter of kind of functional strategy, you can increase proportionally your deal size, or you can do more deals. We really like the range that we're in because we're very focused on these high clinical value assets. A lot of times you can create really significant value with phase III studies that are, you know, in the $30 to 80 million cost range in total. That's a very good investment target for us, where there's a high demand for capital and there's relatively few solutions in terms of structured finance or royalty financing.

Todd Davis: We'd like to stay in that space. On average, we are going to be looking for, you know, greater value, generation and having that accelerate over time through a combination of maybe slightly larger deals and more deals.

Joe Pantginis: No, that's really helpful. Thanks a lot. Maybe a question for Lauren, if you don't mind. Maybe you can remind us or provide some detail, and I know, obviously, get more information from the company. With regard to the Castle Creek technology, we had a lot of familiarity with that, but I think maybe it's important to remind us or talk about any potential differentiations with regard to VYJUVEK, because obviously, you know, for example, any differences in potential surface area addressed or any other sort of differentiation you might wanna discuss.

Lauren Hay: Yeah, great. Thanks, Joe, for the question. We have a lot of conviction in D-Fi, which is the Castle Creek treatment that, as you mentioned, is the same indication as Krystal's VYJUVEK. The investment thesis here is that we think it's a validated target, so we're looking at a phase III gene-modified autologous cell therapy with Castle Creek. The differentiation here is that it's injectable, so it could expand the body surface area, whereas VYJUVEK has a live HSV vector and is applied topically, so they're pretty limited in terms of the accessible body surface area for any individual patient. We also think that VYJUVEK has really validated the market here, so they did just under $400 million in 2025 sales.

Lauren Hay: We think D-Fi could come in and be a nice complementary treatment for patients with DEB. They have, you know, the vast majority of their body surface area is affected by these really debilitating wounds. If you offer patients, you know, a range of treatments where VYJUVEK, as an example, needs to be dosed on open wounds, whereas these patients have, they develop over time a lot of these chronic wounds that get kind of crusted over, and so they're not accessible with a topical treatment like VYJUVEK. When you introduce an injectable into the marketplace, then it really expands the treatment options for patients.

Lauren Hay: Longer term, there could be a potential to also use this treatment in the hands and feet, whereas patients with DEB, they get almost sort of a webbing in between their fingers and toes that really limits their ability to, you know, perform activities of daily living. You know, longer term, that could be on the horizon as well. You know, they have a really strong team in place at Castle Creek. We think that, you know, with the differentiation and a validated target, we're pretty optimistic about the trajectory for this one.

Joe Pantginis: Great. Much appreciated answers. Thank you.

Operator: Your next question comes from the line of Larry Solow with CJS Securities. Please go ahead.

Pete Lucas: Hi, good morning. It's Pete Lucas for Larry Solow. Just a couple of questions on FILSPARI. Does delay in approval in FSGS have any impact on your 2026 outlook, or can we assume negligible or no expectations and guidance?

Tavo Espinoza: Yeah, it's gonna be Thanks for the question. It's gonna be negligible. It's a relatively small assumption from FSGS in 2026. We did disclose at our Investor Day that we are assuming $4 million contribution from FSGS in 2026, so relatively minor.

Pete Lucas: Great. Thanks. Can you remind us of the potential market size opportunity in the US for FILSPARI FSGS versus IgAN? Outside of the US, it's been approved in Europe and trials underway in Japan. Can you give us an idea there also of the market opportunities outside of the US?

Tavo Espinoza: Go ahead, Lauren.

Lauren Hay: Sure. Thanks for the question. Consensus estimates for FILSPARI in IgAN and in FSGS are around $1 billion per indication. Just as a reminder, our royalty is 9% here. That would be a potential of around $90 million royalty revenue to Ligand for each indication standalone. You know, FSGS, they are expecting will launch more quickly than IgAN because there are no treatment options. It's a more rapidly progressing disease. The patients are younger and, you know, Travere has really built out all the commercial or the vast majority of the commercial infrastructure that they need. They've shared that they'll be adding some sales reps to help cover the pediatric nephrologist, but they already have a lot of the infrastructure in place.

Lauren Hay: They've guided to the fact that the launch, you know, if approved, would probably ramp more quickly than an IgAN. I think that on the Japan side of things, you know, IgAN is quite prevalent in Japan. There could be a pretty sizable commercial opportunity there. You know, Travere and then Chugai have not shared anything externally in terms of their expectations there. We'll have to see, you know, if the drug is approved, how the pricing comes in. We're optimistic that there could be some real value to unlock there.

Pete Lucas: Very helpful. Thanks.

Operator: All right. Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of John Vandermosten with Zacks Small-Cap Research. Please go ahead.

John Vandermosten: Thank you. Jazz Pharmaceuticals' Rylaze beat estimates in Q4, and I'm wondering if that was enough to push it into your category of key royalty drivers. Then also, what are your thoughts on this asset as we look ahead towards the rest of the year?

Lauren Hay: Great. Thanks for the question. Rylaze is one of the more mature products in our portfolio, so we don't talk about it as much as we do some of the products that we have that are newer to the portfolio in terms of launching and ramping and a lot of growth. What we continue to see is real strength in the performance of Rylaze, and as you've evidenced by the recent, you know, strong quarter that they shared. You know, we don't have a lot of catalysts in terms of inflection points that could drive the sales of that drug up or down. It is one of our key royalty revenue drivers, and we expect that it will continue to be over the coming quarters and years.

Lauren Hay: Probably, you know, nothing on the near-term horizon that we see that would, you know, materially drive the sales to grow substantially from here.

John Vandermosten: Okay. Thank you. Looking at Pelthos and your equity holding in that asset, do you see that as a source of cash, or is that just a good place to stay as they roll out their portfolio and add new assets?

Todd Davis: Yeah, I think, you know, with obviously with a strategic transaction like that where you end up with a real significant percentage in a company, we're going to have a very long-term view on that as holders. We're not looking for liquidity right away, and we think there's a lot of upside there as well. Overall, in terms of our equity strategy, I mean, between warrants and legacy investments and things like that, we still have 1 million shares in Viking, for example. We have had a general philosophy that once these things are mature and at the appropriate time, of course, we do look for liquidity, and we do see them as a source of cash in some cases.

John Vandermosten: Got it. Last question is just a broader one on the markets at all in all. M&A was kind of up in the H2 2025 and then kind of it's maybe slowed a bit this year, and the IPO market has been fairly weak for our space. What, you know, how is that affecting the opportunities that you see?

Todd Davis: I think that it's generally, I would say an okay market right now and better than it was 2 years ago, for example. For us, John, in good markets and in bad, I think royalty financing is growing rapidly regardless. It's doubled in the last 5 years. People are seeing it as much more a mainstream part of their capital structure, for lack of a better term. There's debt, there's equity, and there's royalty financing available for companies. It used to be, you know, 10 years ago when you would approach a company and offer royalty financing, there was typically, not always, but typically an education process required. Now, most of the CFOs and CEOs out there immediately know what you're talking about conceptually and understand how it fits into their capital structure.

Todd Davis: They also realize that there's many advantages. I mean, it's not better, but it's different than other forms of financing. For example, you know, our investments are extremely long-term, and they're tied much better to the life cycle of assets within the kind of biopharmaceutical development timelines because we're attached to the assets over time, even when they trade hands. There's a lot of advantages to doing this. Obviously, at some point, if people think their equity is significantly undervalued on a relative basis, it can look attractive for that reason. In good markets and in bad, we have just found our pipelines to be quite robust. Paul Hadden and the investment team simply have more deals to do than they can possibly do.

Todd Davis: We're really culling our pipeline of opportunities pretty aggressively to make sure that we're spending our time on things with a high probability of closing, that offer, you know, are good assets, meet all of our asset criteria that we look at, and will offer appropriate returns as well.

John Vandermosten: Great. Thank you, Todd.

Operator: Thank you. That concludes our question and answer session. I would like to thank our speakers for today's presentation and thank you all for joining us. This now concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect.